National secondary legislation
North Macedonia
Day of Accession
1 July 2006
Status
Contracting Party
The Secretariat’s assessment of a Contracting Party’s compliance with the Energy Community acquis goes beyond the mere adoption of primary legislation. In many cases, it is the adoption of secondary legislation that ensures actual implementation.
This page displays the national energy legislation that North Macedonia has adopted to comply with its Treaty obligations. For each key provision of the Energy Community acquis, the tables below provide the corresponding reference to the national legal act transposing that key provision if adopted and provides other relevant details, such as the state of play of compliance. The national bodies responsible for drafting and adopting the relevant legal act are also displayed.
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Electricity
Secondary legislation status: electricity
(last update 22.11.2018)Energy Law, Official Gazzette 96 /2018, 5.6.2018
Legal act Primary legal basis Bodies in charge Adoption / validity status Comments / compliance status adoption / approval drafting Energy sector development strategy (min 20 years) every 5 years Article 11 Government Ministry of Economy Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.12.2019- Acts from previous law still in force
The Energy Strategy Implementation Programme (for the period of 5 years) Article 12 Government Ministry of Economy Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.12.2019Annual Report on the Strategy and the Programme implementation Article 12 Government Ministry of Economy Not adopted /
Deadline: by 30 November every yearRulebook on energy balance and energy statistics Articles 13(4) Government Ministry of Economy Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.12.2018
- Acts from previous law still in force: OG 138/2011
Decree on criteria and condition to declare crisis of energy supply Article 14 Government Ministry of Economy Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.06.2019Program for protection of vulnerable customers Article 15 Government Ministry of Economy together with ministry for social protection (RCE opinion) Not adopted /
Deadline: annually, until year end for the next yearDecree on criteria and procedure for approving the construction of direct line Articles 67(4) Government Ministry of Economy Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.12.2018Rulebook for the control of quality of electricity Article 201 Minister Ministry of Economy Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.06.2019- Draft under preparation
Decree on operation of an organized market operator Articles 90(2) Government Ministry of Economy Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.12.2018Selection of Suppliers of Last Resort (SoLR) Article 8 Government Government Adopted /
Template, 19.09.2018Rules and methodologies for setting prices and tariffs for regulated activities Article 24(1)(1)(1) Regulatory Commission for Energy Regulatory Commission for Energy Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.12.2018- Acts from previous law still in force
Rule for certification of TSO Article 24(1)(1)(5) Regulatory Commission for Energy Regulatory Commission for Energy Adopted / OG 146/18, 01.08.2018, Rules for manner and procedure for market monitoring Articles 24(1)(1)(4), 25(3) Regulatory Commission for Energy Regulatory Commission for Energy Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.06.2019- Acts from previous law still in force: OG 207/16
Licence rules Articles 24(1)(1)(3), 41 Regulatory Commission for Energy Regulatory Commission for Energy Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.12.2018- Acts from previous law still in force
Rules for granting status of closed distribution system Articles 24(1)(1)(6),98(2) Regulatory Commission for Energy Regulatory Commission for Energy Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.06.2019Tariff system for services provided by transmission system operator, distribution system operator, market operator Articles 24(1)(1)(7), 29(1) Regulatory Commission for Energy Regulatory Commission for Energy Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.12.2018Tariff system for services provided by universal service provider and SoLR Articles 24(1)(1)(7), 29(3) Regulatory Commission for Energy Regulatory Commission for Energy Adopted / OG 164/2018, 03.09.2018,
Rules for supply of electricity Articles 24(1)(1)(13), 30 Regulatory Commission for Energy Regulatory Commission for Energy Adopted /
Rules, 07.09.2018Electricity market rules Articles 24(1)(1), 10, 92 Regulatory Commission for Energy Regulatory Commission for Energy
Adopted /
Rules, 11.09.2018Rules for procurement of electricity by universal service provider Article 24(1)(1)(11) Regulatory Commission for Energy Regulatory Commission for Energy Adopted /
Rules, 07.09.2018Methodology and criteria for assessment of joint Energy Community infrastructure projects Article 24(1)(1)(22) Regulatory Commission for Energy
Regulatory Commission for Energy
Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.06.2019Rules of procedures for complaints and dispute settlement Articles 24(1)(1)(8), 37(8) Regulatory Commission for Energy
Regulatory Commission for Energy
Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.03.2019Rules for compensation of damages to customers by network operator Articles 24(1)(1)(8), 197(3), 197(4) Regulatory Commission for Energy Regulatory Commission for Energy Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.09.2018- Draft under preparation
Grid code of transmission system operator Articles 24(2)(1), 84 Regulatory Commission for Energy transmission system operator Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.06.2019- Acts from previous law still in force
Grid code of distribution system operator Articles 24(2)(1), 96 Regulatory Commission for Energy distribution system operators Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.06.2019- Acts from previous law still in force
Balancing rules Articles 24(2)(2), 79(2) Regulatory Commission for Energy transmission system operator Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.09.2018- Rules adopted for previous law
Rules for coordination and information exchange mechanisms and congestion management Articles 24(2)(3), 82 Regulatory Commission for Energy transmission system operator Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.12.2019- Acts from previous law still in force
Rules on providing information by market participants to system operator Articles 24(1)(2)(9), 82(6) Regulatory Commission for Energy transmission system operator Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.12.2019Rules for allocation of interconnection capacities Article 85 Regulatory Commission for Energy transmission system operator Adopted /
11.11.2018Rules on submission of data by market participants to TSO Article 24(1)(2)(9) Regulatory Commission for Energy transmission system operator Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.12.2019Rules for purchase of electricity for network losses of TSO Articles 24(2)(4), 78(2)(22) Regulatory Commission for Energy transmission system operator Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.12.2018Rules for purchase of electricity for network losses of DSO Articles 24(2)(4), 93(8) Regulatory Commission for Energy distribution system operator Adopted /
Rules, 03.10.2018Rules for allocation of interconnection capacities Articles 24(2)(5), 85 Regulatory Commission for Energy transmission system operator Adopted /
MEPSO-EMS Rules, 08.11.2018,
CAO Rules, 17.11.2017Compliance programs of transmission system operators Articles 24(2)(15), 73 Regulatory Commission for Energy transmission system operator Not adopted /
05.08.2018Conditions for terminating supply to vulnerable customers Articles 24(2)(15), 97(6) Regulatory Commission for Energy distribution system operators Adopted /
16.11.2018TYDP of TSO Article 83 Regulatory Commission for Energy transmission system operator Not adopted /
rolling, for 10 years, annually, before 31 October- Acts from previous law still in force: MEPSO Plan, 29.03.2018
Five years development plan of DSO Article 94 Regulatory Commission for Energy distribution system operator Not adopted /
rolling, for 5 years, annually, before 31 OctoberRules for operation of organized market Article 90(2)(4) Regulatory Commission for Energy operator of organized market, transmission system operator Not adopted /
1 year, 5 June 2019 -
Gas
Secondary legislation status: gas
(last update 15.07.2019)Energy Law, Official Gazzette 96 /2018, 5.6.2018
Legal act Primary legal basis Bodies in charge Adoption / validity status Comments / compliance status adoption / approval drafting Strategy for Energy Development Article 11(1)(2)(3) Government Ministry of Economy Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.12.2019- Acts from previous law still in force
Program for the realization of the Strategy for Energy Development Article 12(1) Government Ministry of Economy Not adopted /
Deadline: 05.05.2020Decree on the Criteria and Conditions for declaring Crisis Article 14(1) Government Ministry of Economy Not adopted/
Deadline: 05.06.2019Program for the Protection of Vulnerable (Energy) Customers Article 15(1) Government Ministry of Economy and Ministry of Labour and Social Policy Not adopted /
Deadline: 31.12.2018
Decree on the Criteria and Procedure for granting authorization for Construction of Direct Line Article 67(4) Government Ministry of Economy Not adopted/
Deadline: 05.12.2018Decision on transfer of shares in TSO on the Ministry Articles 238(1), 110(1) Government Government Not adopted/
Deadline: 05.06.2019Report on the Security of Supply with Natural Gas Article 9(3) Ministry of Economy Ministry of Economy Adopted/
July 2018- Compliant with Directive 2004/67
Rulebook on Energy Balances and Energy Statistics Article 13(4) Minister Ministry of Economy Not adopted/
Deadline: 05.12.2018Rulebook and Methodology for Determination of Tariffs for Transmission, Distribution and Market Operation of Natural Gas Article 24(1)(1)(1) Energy Regulatory Commission Energy Regulatory Commission Adopted /
ERC Decision,
24.12.2018Tariff System for Transmission of Natural Gas and Market Operation of Natural Gas Article 29(1) Regulatory Commission for Energy Regulatory Commission for Energy Adopted /
ERC Decision,
24.12.2018Tariff System for Distribution of Natural Gas Article 29(1) Regulatory Commission for Energy Regulatory Commission for Energy Adopted /
ERC Decision,
24.12.2018Rules for Natural Gas Market Article 24(1)(1)(12) Regulatory Commission for Energy Regulatory Commission for Energy Adopted /
ERC Decision,
18.06.2019Last stage of adoption procedure (after collecting and discussing comments by stakeholders, including ECS) Supply Rules for Natural Gas Article 24(1)(1)(14) Regulatory Commission for Energy Regulatory Commission for Energy Adopted /
01.03.2019
Compliant
Rulebook on the manner and procedure for monitoring the functioning of the Energy Markets Article 25(3) Regulatory Commission for Energy Regulatory Commission for Energy Not adopted/
Deadline: 05.06.2019Rulebook for Certification of Transmission System Operator for Natural Gas Article 24(1)(1)(6) Regulatory Commission for Energy Regulatory Commission for Energy Adopted/
ERC Decision,
01.08.2018Rulebook on granting status of closed distribution system for Natural Gas and Combined Operator for Transmission and Distribution of Natural Gas Article 24(1)(1)(6) Regulatory Commission for Energy Regulatory Commission for Energy Not adopted/
Deadline: 05.06.2019Methodology and Criteria used to evaluate Investments and risks in pipeline infrastructure Projects of Mutual Interest to Contracting Parties and/or Participants of the Energy Community Treaty and publish the indicators and relevant reference values for comparison of investment costs Article 244(1)(1)(23) Regulatory Commission for Energy Regulatory Commission for Energy Adopted /
ERC Decision12.03.2019
Compliant Rules of Procedure for handling complaints and dispute resolution Article 37(8) Regulatory Commission for Energy Regulatory Commission for Energy Not adopted/
Deadline: 05.03.2019Rulebook on Licenses Article 41(1) Regulatory Commission for Energy Regulatory Commission for Energy Not adopted/
Deadline: 5.12.2018Rules for Procurement of Natural Gas for covering losses in the Natural Gas Transmission System Article 116(2)(17) Regulatory Commission for Energy Transmission System Operator for Natural Gas Not adopted/
Deadline: 5.12.2018Balancing Rules Article 121 Regulatory Commission for Energy Transmission System Operator for Natural Gas Not adopted/
Deadline: 05.06.2019Network Rules for Transmission of Natural Gas Article 123 Regulatory Commission for Energy Transmission System Operator for Natural Gas Not adopted/
Deadline: 05.06.2019Rules for Allocating Natural Gas Transmission Capacities Article 124 Regulatory Commission for Energy Transmission System Operator for Natural Gas Not adopted/
Deadline: 05.12.2018Transmission System Operator Compliance Program Article 111 Regulatory Commission for Energy Transmission System Operator for Natural Gas Not adopted/
Deadline: 05.06.2019Network Rules for Distribution of Natural Gas Article 132 Regulatory Commission for Energy Distribution System Operator for Natural Gas Not adopted/
Deadline: 05.06.2019Distribution System Operator Compliance Program Article 133 Regulatory Commission for Energy Distribution System Operator for Natural Gas Not adopted/
Deadline: 05.06.2019Plans for Reduction of Losses in the Natural Gas Distribution Systems Articles 25(2)(5), 28(4)(7), 129(11) Regulatory Commission for Energy Distribution System Operator for Natural Gas Not adopted/
Deadline: 05.12.2019Maintenance Plans and Investment Plans for Development of Transmission and Distribution Systems prepared by the Transmission and Distribution Operators Articles 11, 12, 116(1)(2)9), 117, 123(1)(7), 129(10), 130(2)(3)(4), 132(1)10)12) Regulatory Commission for Energy Transmission System Operator and Distribution System Operator for Natural Gas Not adopted/
Deadline: 05.12.2019 -
Oil
Secondary legislation status: oil
(last update 08.08.2017)Law on Compulsory Oil Reserves (Official Gazette No. 144/2014)
Legal act Primary legal basis Bodies in charge Adoption / validity status Comments / compliance status adoption / approval drafting Action Plan for establishing compulsory reserves Article 12(2) Government Macedonian Compulsory Oil Reserves Agency Not adopted / Timeframe for adoption: no later than 31.12.2017 - According to Article 49 of the Law, the bylaws provided in this Law have to be adopted until the day the Law begins to apply.
Decision on the quantity and structure of the compulsory reserves Article 12(3)
Government Macedonian Compulsory Oil Reserves Agency Not adopted / Timeframe for adoption: no later than 31.12.2017 Decree prescribing the manner of determining and calculating the amount and reimbursement of expenses for maintaining the compulsory reserves Article 15(3) Government Macedonian Compulsory Oil Reserves Agency Not adopted / Timeframe for adoption: no later than 31.12.2017 Decree prescribing the manner of determining and calculating the amount of the fee of oil reserves, as well as the content, manner and submission deadlines for data on the placement of oil derivatives on the inland market Article 31(3) Government Macedonian Compulsory Oil Reserves Agency Not adopted / Timeframe for adoption: no later than 31.12.2017
Intervention plan in the event of an emergency disruption of the supply of the market with crude oil and oil derivatives Article 37(1) Government Ministry of Economy Not adopted / Timeframe for adoption: no later than 31.12.2017 Rulebook on the methods and procedures for calculating the average daily net imports and the average daily inland consumption Article 5(3) Ministry of Economy Macedonian Compulsory Oil Reserves Agency Not adopted / Timeframe for adoption: no later than 31.12.2017 Rulebook on the form and manner of data submission about the state of the own stocks and the compulsory and operational stocks on a monthly basis
Article 10(2) Ministry of Economy Macedonian Compulsory Oil Reserves Agency Not adopted / Timeframe for adoption: no later than 31.12.2017 Rulebook on the preparation and deadlines for submission of statistical summaries on the content, form and manner of keeping the Registries on the compulsory and specific reserves, as well as the rules for drafting and deadlines for submission of the statistical summaries of the Registries on the compulsory and specific reserves Articles 10(5), 13(2)(4), 35(6)(7) Ministry of Economy Macedonian Compulsory Oil Reserves Agency Not adopted / Timeframe for adoption: no later than 31.12.2017 Rulebook on the methods and procedures for calculating the levels of the compulsory reserves Article 11(2) Ministry of Economy Macedonian Compulsory Oil Reserves Agency Not adopted / Timeframe for adoption: no later than 31.12.2017 -
Energy efficiency
Secondary legislation status: energy efficiency
(last update 22.08.2017)Energy Law (Official Gazette No 16/2011, 136/2011, 79/2013, 164/2013, 41/2014, 151/2014, 33/2015, 192/2015, 215/2015, 6/2016, 53/2016, 189/2016)
Legal act Primary legal basis Bodies in charge Adoption / validity status adoption / approval drafting Rulebook on Energy Audit Article 135 (5)(6) Ministry of Economy Ministry of Economy Adopted OG No 94/13, 04.07.2013
Amended OG No 18/15
Rulebook on Energy Performance of Buildings Article 136 (8)
Ministry of Economy Ministry of Economy Adopted OG No 94/13, 04.07.2013
Amended OG No 7/15;176/15Rulebook on Highly-efficient Combined-cycle Plants Article 143(5) Ministry of Economy Ministry of Economy Adopted OG No 128/11, 21.09.2011
Amended OG No 73/15Rulebook on Labeling the Consumption of Energy and Other Resources for the Products that use Energy Article 142(1) Ministry of Economy Ministry of Economy Adopted OG No 165/16, 21.09.2016
Decree on Eco Design Article 165(2) Government Ministry of Economy Adopted OG No. 100/11,
21.07.2011Decree on Indicative Targets for Energy Savings Article 131(4) Government Ministry of Economy Adopted OG No.112/11, 24.08.2011 Rulebook on the Information System for Monitoring and Management of the Energy Consumption
Article 134(a) (11) Ministry of Economy of Ministry of Economy Adopted OG No.125/15, 24.07.2015
Amended OG No. 231/15Energy Efficiency Strategy Article 123 (old Law from 2006) Government Ministry of Economy Adopted OG No.143/10, 29.10.2010 Energy Efficiency Action Plan Article 131 Government Ministry of Economy Adopted 2011
New one adopted in July 2017, but still not publishedEnergy Law (Official Gazette No. 16/2011, 136/2011, 79/2013, 164/2013, 41/2014, 151/2014, 33/2015, 192/2015, 215/2015, 6/2016, 53/2016, 189/2016)
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Renewable energy
Secondary legislation status: Renewable energy
(last update 25.04.2019)Law on Energy (Official Gazzette 16/2011 as amended and 96/2018)
Legal act Primary legal basis Bodies in charge Adoption / validity status Comments / compliance status adoption / approval drafting National Renewable Energy Action Plan
Article 146/2011 Energy Law
Article 172/2018 Energy Law
Government Ministry of Economy Adopted /
OG No 207/15, 24.11.2015
Amended by OG No 51/17, 28.04.2017
Decision on national mandatory targets for the participation of energy produced from renewable sources in the gross final consumption of electricity energy and for the participation of energy produced from renewable sources Article 173(1) Government Ministry of Economy Adopted / Rules No 45-1051/1
Rulebook on Renewable Energy Sources including regulation on issuing, transfer and cancellation of guarantees of origin Article 185
Ministry of Economy Ministry of Economy Adopted /
Rules No 113/11,
25.08.2011,
Amended OG No 73/15, 06.05.2015Regulation on support measures for electricity produced from renewable energy sources Article 187(3) Government Ministry of Economy Adopted / Rules No 45-1069/1, 05.02.2019
Program for financial support for electricity production from preferential producers using the premium for 2019 Article 187(3) Government Ministry of Economy Decision on the total installed capacity of preferential electricity producers Article 187(4) Government Ministry of Economy Adopted / Decision
05.02.2019, Rules No 45- /1Decision to initiate the tender procedure to grant the support to renewable energy producers based on premium Article 188 Ministry of Economy
Ministry of Economy
Adopted /
Regulation, 08.02.2012Rulebook on Privileged Producers Article 191 Energy Regulatory Commission Energy Regulatory Commission Drafted /
RegulationsTemplate agreement for purchase of electricity from renewable sources
Article 193(4) Energy Regulatory Commission MEPSO Not revised Adopted / Contract form (old version)
Connection to the transmission network - Transmission Grid Code Article 184 Energy Regulatory Commission MEPSO Not revised Adopted /
MEPSO code, latest amendments 16.11.2014Connection to the distribution network - Distribution Grid Code Article 93 Energy Regulatory Commission EVN Not revised Adopted /
EVN code, latest amendments 18.02.2014 -
Environment
Secondary legislation status: environment
(last update 31.01.2018)Law on Environment (Official Gazette No. 53/2005; 81/2005; 24/2007; 159/2008; 83/2009; 48/2010; 124/2010; 51/2011; 123/2012; 93/2013; 187/2013, 42/2014, 44/2015, 129/2015, 192/2015 and 39/2016)
Legal act Primary legal basis Bodies in charge Adoption / validity status Comments / compliance status adoption / approval drafting
Rules on criteria for environmental impact assessment screening and scoping, in general and case of changes in existing facilitiesArticle 77(1) Government n/a
Adopted /
Decree No 74/2005, 05.09.2005Rules on implementation of the environmental impact assessment procedure Article 79(4)
Minister n/a Not adopted,
Deadline: 21.06. 2009- Draft not available
Rules on method and procedure for environmental impact assessment application Article 81(2) Minister n/a Adopted /
Rulebook No 33/2006, 20.03.2006The content of the requirements to be fulfilled by the environmental impact assessment study and form and the content of the lists of experts for assessment of the study and the method of this list keeping Articles 84, 85(4) Minister n/a Adopted /
Rulebook No 33/2006, 20.03.2006The program of the exam for environmental impact assessment study assessment experts Article 85(v)(2) Minister
n/a Adopted /
Rulebook No 42/2016, 03.03.2016The spatial conditions of the exam for environmental impact assessment study assessment experts Article 85(s)(4) Minister n/a Adopted / Rulebook No 42/2016, 03.03.2016 Rules for method of scoring of the exam for environmental impact assessment study assessment experts and setting the form and content of the certificate Articles 85(k)(3), 85(p)(2) Minister n/a Adopted /
Rulebook No 42/2016, 03.03.2016The amount of the compensation for the exam for environmental impact assessment study assessment experts Article 85(k)(2) Minister n/a Adopted /
Rulebook No 42/2016, 03.03.2016Form, content, procedure and method of report preparation on the suitability of the study for the environmental impact assessment of the project
Procedure for authorization of the persons from the List of expertsArticle 86(11)(12) Minister n/a Adopted /
Rulebook No 42/2016, 03.03.2016Contents of the publication of the documents and method of consulting the public in the environmental impact assessment Article 90(4) Minister n/a Not adopted,
Deadline: 21.06. 2009
- Draft not available
Amount of the costs for the implementation of the environmental impact assessment of the project Article 92(2) Minister n/a Adopted /
Rulebook No 42/2016, 03.03.2016 -
Climate
Secondary legislation status: climate
(last update 31.01.2018)Law on Environment (Official Gazette No. 53/2005; 81/2005; 24/2007; 159/2008; 83/2009; 48/2010; 124/2010; 51/2011; 123/2012; 93/2013; 187/2013, 42/2014, 44/2015, 129/2015, 192/2015 and 39/2016)
Legal act Primary legal basis Bodies in charge Adoption / validity status Comments / compliance status adoption / approval drafting
Strategy for Environment and Climate Change 2014-2020Assembly of North Macedonia Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning
Adopted /
Strategy,
05/2015Long-term Strategy on Climate Change Government of North Macedonia Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning Not adopted
- Draft under preparation with support of IPA II – Sector Operational Programme for Environment and Climate Action 2014 – 2020
Third National Plan on Climate Change under Third National Communication to the UNFCCC Government of North Macedonia Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning Adopted /
Plan, 01/2014National Plan for Mitigation of Climate Change Articles 187 - 190 of Law on Environment Government of North Macedonia Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning Adopted Climate Change Communication Strategy and Action Plan under Third National Communication to the UNFCCC Government of North Macedonia
Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning Adopted /
Strategy, 03/2013National Strategy on Sustainable Development 2009-2030 Article 186(2) of Law on environment Government of North Macedonia Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning Adopted /
Strategy, 01/2010 -
Statistics
Secondary legislation status: statistics
(last update 18.01.2018)Law on State Statistics (Official Gazette of FYR of Macedonia No. 54/1997, 21/2007, 51/2011, 104/2013, 42/2014, 192/2015 and 27/16)
Legal act Primary legal basis Bodies in charge Adoption / validity status adoption / approval drafting Strategic plan 2017-2019 Methodology for preparation of strategic plans State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia
Adopted /
Strategic plan 2017-2019, 2016Five-Year Statistical Programme, 2018-2022 Articles 5, 6 and Chapter IV
Assembly of the FYR of Macedonia
State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia
Not adopted
Decision on release of publication calendar Article 45 State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia Adopted annually Uniform standards for statistical surveys, classification and nomenclature Article 18 Assembly of the FYR of Macedonia State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia Adopted
National classificationRulebook on energy balance and energy statistics Article 12(7) of Energy Law (2011) Ministry of Economy Ministry of Economy Adopted / OG 140/2014, 18.08.2015 Law on State Statistics